The Importance of the Central Limit Theorem

The Importance of the Central Limit Theorem As far as possible hypothesis is an outcome from likelihood hypothesis. This hypothesis appears in various places in the field of insights. In spite of the fact that as far as possible hypothesis can appear to be conceptual and without any application, this hypothesis is entirely imperative to the act of measurements. So what precisely is the significance of as far as possible hypothesis? Everything has to do with the conveyance of our populace. This hypothesis permits you to rearrange issues in measurements by permitting you to work with a dissemination that is around typical. Explanation of the Theorem The announcement of as far as possible hypothesis can appear to be very specialized however can be comprehended on the off chance that we thoroughly consider the accompanying advances. We start with a straightforward arbitrary example with n people from a populace of intrigue. From this example, we can without much of a stretch structure an example imply that compares to the mean of what estimation we are interested about in our populace. A testing dispersion for the example mean is delivered by over and over choosing straightforward irregular examples from a similar populace and of a similar size, and afterward processing the example mean for every one of these examples. These examples are to be thought of as being autonomous of each other. As far as possible hypothesis concerns the inspecting appropriation of the example implies. We may get some information about the general state of the examining dissemination. As far as possible hypothesis says that this testing appropriation is around ordinary regularly known as a chime bend. This estimate improves as we increment the size of the basic irregular examples that are utilized to deliver the testing dissemination. There is an astonishing component concerning as far as possible hypothesis. The surprising actuality is that this hypothesis says that a typical appropriation emerges paying little mind to the underlying circulation. Regardless of whether our populace has a slanted dispersion, which happens when we look at things, for example, earnings or people’s loads, an inspecting conveyance for an example with an adequately enormous example size will be typical. Focal Limit Theorem in Practice The surprising appearance of a typical conveyance from a populace dissemination that is slanted (even vigorously slanted) has some significant applications in measurable practice. Numerous practices in insights, for example, those including theory testing or certainty stretches, make a few suppositions concerning the populace that the information was gotten from. One suspicion that is at first made in an insights course is that the populaces that we work with are typically circulated. The suspicion that information is from an ordinary dissemination streamlines mattersâ but appears to be somewhat ridiculous. Only a little work with some true information shows that anomalies, ​skewness, various pinnacles and asymmetry show up routinely. We can get around the issue of information from a populace that isn't ordinary. The utilization of a fitting example size and as far as possible hypothesis help us to get around the issue of information from populaces that are not ordinary. In this manner, despite the fact that we probably won't have a clue about the state of the conveyance where our information originates from, as far as possible hypothesis says that we can regard the inspecting circulation as though it were typical. Obviously, all together for the finishes of the hypothesis to hold, we do require an example size that is sufficiently enormous. Exploratory information examination can assist us with determining how huge of an example is essential for a given circumstance.

Drawing on current academic theory and debate, critically evaluate the Essay

Drawing on current scholastic hypothesis and discussion, fundamentally assess the commitment of the Human Resource Management capacity to the administration of representative prize practices - Essay Example All through the entire XX century and much prior the two experts and researchers endeavored to structure the hypotheses clarifying human conduct at work and the approaches to raise its viability. A decent knowledge into the estimation of HR related projects is given by Schuler (1990: 52-54). He underscores that the HR work had a chance to move from being a â€Å"employee advocate† (related with staff the board) to a â€Å"member of the administration team†. Schuler’s (1990) see was this necessary HR experts to be worried about the benefits, hierarchical adequacy and business endurance. As it were, human asset issues ought to be tended to as business issues. Story (2001: 18-34) accepts that development of HRM contributed enormously to an ever-most prominent since mechanical upheaval move in the standards of the board. HRM supported the two supervisors and workers to dispose of customary examples of connection, obsolete thoughts of inspiration, generalizations, evaluation and examination. Directors stopped to be insignificant coaches and killers and went to be the individuals from business groups. Presentation of HRM standard has made current organizations increasingly serious, dynamic and human neighborly that thus affected their productivity and attractiveness. Along these lines, many accept that HRM caused what was later called â€Å"a new managerialism† †another look on association, the manners in which it works and succeeds and the manner in which its representatives work (Story, 2001, p. 18). Simultaneously, HRM isn't only a lot of standards; it is somewhat an authoritative science that assists with actualizing company’s general technique in a best manner. In this manner, as indicated by the most traditional definitions HRM is characterized as a â€Å"system that is custom fitted to the requests of the business strategy† (Miles and Snow, 1984, p. 36-37); or â€Å"the example of arranged exercises planned to empower an association to accomplish its goals† (Wright and McMahan, 1992, pp. 343-345).

Curbing Hunger at MIT

Curbing Hunger at MIT Being a college student in a dorm means finally having to decide how and what you want to eat for the next 4+ years. For some, it’s as simple as picking which dining hall you want to go to. For others, it’s a confusing mess of “Where do I start? How do I start? When will I have time to start?” I’ve been through it. It doesn’t have to be a hair pulling mess, because in the end, food is great. I like food, you like food. So let’s get this show on the road.* A Couple of Doors Down  (cooking is fun, too) Taking charge in the kitchen isn’t quite as hard as it looks. While it may be easy to fall back on the sweet embrace of instant ramen, easy mac, and frozen dinners, cooking is the kind of skill you’ll be glad you learned in college. After that, in twenty years, it’ll be hard to explain to your doctor why you solely eat food that comes from a box. Plus, when you’re not on a meal plan, it becomes your cheapest option. So now, you’re probably thinking, “Cooking? I’ve never cooked a day in my life! I could burn the kitchen down pouring a bowl of cereal if I tried!” or something along those lines. Trust me, I’ve heard it all. But never fear, no one is a lost cause when hunger hits. So now, you ask, “what’s your secret, Sabrina?” I’m here to tell you my secret; it’s cooking videos. First, let’s start with some classics. The Food Network, or more importantly, Netflix, has a huge variety of cooking shows that are informational and entertaining. Some of my personal favorites are Cutthroat Kitchen, MasterChef, and Chopped. The overall formula for most of these shows is simple: you take some n number of chefs, some n-1 number of rounds, and a specific thing to cook or cook with, plus or minus some unique spins. While you may not be following a recipe by the book while a chef scrambles to finish it on the screen, you can definitely pick up a bunch of cooking skills from watching. For example, do you know how to make a roux? Or properly dice an onion? Or what flavor profile works well with pineapples? I definitely do, and it’s thanks to shows like this. Plus, they’re funny! On Saturday mornings last year, I’d sit down and marathon episodes of Cutthroat Kitchen with some of my hall mates, and we’d laugh about cooking blunders and comment on weird food combinations. Overall, fun times all around. Here’s a pretty cute clip of some Child-Chef-Prodigies testing their whipped creams successfully and not so successfully: Okay, so maybe you don’t have time to watch hour-long episodes of cooking. That’s totally fine, and you’re in luck! In the past year or so, short cooking videos have made a huge rise on social media. If you follow the right pages on Facebook (given that you check Facebook semi regularly), you can get at least 1-3 short cooking videos a day. You can watch them on the way to class when you’re walking from Building 16 to Building 1, or before class when you get there three minutes early, or when you’re brushing your teeth. When life hands you 30 second cooking videos, you take advantage whenever you can. These recipes are normally quick to make, and don’t require too many ingredients you wouldn’t already have. Here’s one recipe I tested with a friend and confirmed delicious: We tried the Avocado Lime Salmon, and it only took ~30 minutes, I got to socialize with other people in the kitchen, and it tasted like I had just paid 15 bucks for it. Besides the notorious Tasty, there’s also Tastemade (and its regional varieties), Twisted, and TipHero. Right Around the Corner  (dining halls are non exclusive all inclusive) If you’re one of the 50%+ of people who are on a meal plan at MIT, then this one is pretty much a given. You’ve probably got your routine by now, which dining halls are best and which are bust. But for those of you not on the meal plan, all hope is not lost. I was on the meal plan for about two weeks, which was enough to give me a vague idea of how it worked.  For one, yes, you can still eat at them even when you’re not on the meal plan! Any student can go into any dining hall (given that it’s open) and pay with TechCash or regular cash, $8 for breakfast, $11 for lunch, and $14 for dinner. I found myself going to the dining halls semi frequently my first year at MIT, partly because I’d only have hour breaks between class, and partly because I wanted to hang out with my friends who were on the meal plan. Overall, it is a pretty solid option for food and socializing. Up Your Alley  (free food gold mine) Legends speak of it in hushed whispers and hurried footsteps throughout halls and courtyards. It is a sport only known to those willing to put in work for it. It is the one and only, free food mailing list. This mailing list (f[emailprotected]), which anyone with a Kerberos can add themselves to, is where people will email out to when they have an event, and there’s leftover food that they just don’t want. This “food” can range from four boxes of pizza, to a tray of Chicken Tikka, to bottles of soda, to a bag of charcoal (yes, it has happened). Playing the free food game is really chancy. First of all, there are definitely fruitful periods (the immediate weeks after REX, the week of Career Fair, etc…) and dry periods (IAP, mid-semester, etc…). Second of all, there are some physical limitations to how fast a person can travel. Let’s phrase this like a PSET and try it out: If Sabrina is in Building 66, and she receives an email at 2:34pm that was sent at 2:31pm that says there are two free boxes of Dunkin Donuts in Lobby 7, will she get any donuts? Keep in mind, foot traffic in Lobby 7 is at a moderately low F(x) in MIT Students, but at a constant rate C for tourists. Also, keep in mind, Sabrina can walk the distance of the Infinite Corridor in 7 minutes, and there are ~50 other people within the Infinite who have just received the same email, 3 minutes ago. The answer’s pretty obvious here, right? No, Sabrina will definitely not make it in time to grab a donut. But, free food can sometimes be a gold mine. You can actually just get really lucky and be really close to free food. Or, you can learn to play the game right. There are usually free food “hotspots” where there are a lot of events with a lot of food: Lobby 10, the Stud, Kresge, Stata, and Sloan. I generally rule the first three out because they’re too far when I’m at Senior Haus, and unattainable when I’m in class. There are even some times where you don’t have to work for free food. If you live in a dorm like Senior Haus or East Campus, occasionally friendly floormates or hausmates will triumphantly come back from their free food conquests and share with the people of their living group. In the Haus, food gets brought to our lovely front desk, where emails are promptly sent out and the madness begins. Overall, great (albeit, cold) options with minimal effort, except a bit of running. On the Way to Class  (more than just dining halls) There are also a myriad of options for retail dining on MIT’s campus, for when you just don’t have time to cook, or can’t be bothered. There’s all the restaurants in the Student Center: LaVerde’s, Subway, Shinkansen Japan, Anna’s Taqueria, Café Spice, Shawarma Shack, Dunkin Donuts, and that one grill spot by the Dunkin. There’s the Steam Café on the fourth floor of Building 7, Café 4 in the Infinite, Forbes Café in Stata, and the Koch Café in the Koch Building. Because most of them are located near prime PSetting spots, they make quick, tasty grabs that you can eat while crunched for time and rushing to finish. To summarize all the places and their perks: Verde’s has the advantage of being open 24/7, which definitely comes handy at 4am Subway has the cheapest standard meals, and fully customizable Shinkansen Japan, or Bullet Train, has great teriyaki that can satisfy any craving Anna’s can always be smelled when walking outside of the Stud, which is incredibly tempting and crave-inducing Café Spice is decent Indian food for not-as-pricy-as-real-Indian-food prices Shawarma Shack is probably the healthiest restaurant in the Stud Dunkin Donuts has donuts and killer hot chocolate The grill spot has burgers made ready Steam Café is only open lunch hours (11am-3pm) but is great for anyone around Lobby 7, and it has the most beautiful view Café 4 is pretty much always on the way to class Forbes Café is in Stata, which is the closest to anyone who lives in East Campus Koch Café is similar to Stata, food wise, but you get to be around a lot of fancier people All these options take TechCash, which is great if you forget your wallet while hurrying to class. My studio (4.022 â€" Architecture Design Foundations) met on the fourth floor of building 7, which is conveniently right next to the Steam Café, so I found myself frequenting that one most often before my 3-hour studios. Their soups are pretty top notch. And, like I mentioned before, Steam Café has the one of my favorite views on all of campus. Just a Block Away  (the kendall square meal plan) After about a month at MIT, you’ll probably get sick of cycling through the same 6 or so food spots, and then you might think, “Oh no! Am I resigned to a semester of food misery?” or, “Oh no! I want to start eating healthy, and I can’t do that with a diet that’s 90% fried chicken!” Either way, there is a solution. As it turns out, we live around some great areas for convenient (and sometimes healthy!) food. Kendall Square is, well, just a block away. Metaphorically speaking if you happen to live on Dorm Row, and literally if you live on the East Side. Besides the illustrious T-Stop, there are tons of fast casual restaurants for quick dine ‘n dashes (the legal form, of course). There are classics and food trucks and Boston Originals alike; Chipotle, Cosi, Clover, Jose’s, Panda Express, Einstein Bros… I could go on forever. I’ll break them down into a comprehensive list based on cravings. Craving something customizable? Chipotle, fully customizable pseudo Mexican food, with good vegetarian options Panda Express, fast casual American-Chinese Einstein Bros Bagels, tons of bagels, tons of variety Jose’s, Mexican food truck, delicious amounts of options Craving something sorta healthy? Cosi, sandwich-soup-pizza-bowl shop, has options like “wild rice bowls” on their menu Clover, completely vegetarian, homemade sodas and seasonal options Bailey Sage, specializes in quinoa bowls, a little pricey Craving a lot of food? Au Bon Pain, tons of bread and bread related products, like sandwiches Momogoose, Asian food truck with daily curries that are to die for Note: This definitely isn’t every single restaurant in Kendall Square, but rather the ones I’ve personally tried. Making My Way Downtown  (down the aisle marked essentials) For a college student, supermarkets are like Toys R Us to 7 year olds. All the responsibility of being able to finally put that cake in the shopping cart, without your mom immediately taking it out. Because being an adult means being able to eat nothing but cake all day, and no one can tell you no. You definitely shouldn’t do that, but you could. Now, I could compile a list of the nearest supermarkets and what’s good for what and where what is, but someone has already done that! So, you’ve read through that, but now what? Besides those things you just can’t not buy, like frozen Orange Chicken, there are some things that I would call “essentials” for surviving and thriving. Bread, cheese, cold cuts, and some kind of condiment, for making sandwiches. when you’ve only got 15 minutes before your five hour long block of class, you’ll thank me later Individual yogurt, super yummy and easy to eat on the go Frozen fruits, great to snack on and make smoothies with Dried fruits and nuts, nut-ing says a good meal like this Cereal, the easiest classic breakfast Eggs, you can hard boil them ahead of time and then have an egg-celent breakfast Breakfast bars, the only thing my poor stomach can take within an hour of waking up Chips and dip, you can take the Mexican Route and go for salsa and tortilla, or the Mediterranean route and go for pita and hummus Everything the Light Touches is Our Kingdom  (aka, boston is a big city with loads of options) Fear not, it isn’t the end of our food journey yet. There is a whole new world outside of MIT where the food possibilities are endless. And much like x-squared, the limit doesn’t exist. Boston, Central Square, Harvard Square, Porter Square, Davis Square… you get the point. If you’re feeling up for some fancy food plans, there are restaurants on every corner, in every regional variety, in all sizes and shapes. I could name all of my favorites, but I also think the fun of this one is just going out and stumbling across a place that strikes your eye. Also, there are just way too many. So go out there! There’s a whole world of food to explore. Good luck, and happy fooding everyone! *thanks to Dominik M. 19 for coming up with this silly, youtube esque opening line

The Great Literary Works I Am Never Alone - 1844 Words

All great literature has at least four things in common; they talk to you, they never shy away from making you uncomfortable, and they provide ingenious, if not absurd perspectives on the usually simple, mundane lives of the characters. All this, and they have universal appeal across time and culture. First, all great literary works have the ability to make me feel as if I am never alone. It’s never as though I’m reading about the characters, but the author’s writing style has the ability to affect me personally, as if I am also experiencing the events happening in the novel. Some authors typically tend to exclude gut-wrenching emotions for fear that their readers won’t enjoy their novels. But, in great works, the author has no problem letting me experience the raw emotion they wish to portray, but at the same time, I love reading every bit of it. And finally, great literature has the power to write about ordinary lives that have a basic but profound natur e to them. In these works, nearly every event is significant and can provide an astounding point of view and change in perspective. My definition of great literature the effectiveness of a balance of all the above listed qualities. I believe, from the perspective of someone who has had their fair share of reading books, there is a difference between great literary works and ‘trashy’ novels that become fads. But, maybe from the perspective of someone who hasn’t read a whole lot of books in their lifetime, there might not beShow MoreRelatedThe Postcolonial Writers May Not Achieve International Success1357 Words   |  6 Pagesrural realities as well as a broad narrative of the importance of the unprivileged or the people living on the extreme. While Mahasweta originally written in her native Bengali language, most of her works are translated into English and regional Indian languages. 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Improving The Supply Chain Performance Of Blood Services - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2625 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Blood Banking services is one of the most important operations worldwide. The blood banking service provides the resources for transfusion needed in every medical intervention, whether in peacetime or during war. This paper observes the process of blood banking supply chain, starting with the upstream suppliers of raw material (blood) and down to the downstream consumers of products (hospitals). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Improving The Supply Chain Performance Of Blood Services" essay for you Create order In the first part of this paper we present an overview of the supply chain of blood banking, and review the relevant research and literature regarding supply chain management of blood banking. In the second part, we select two areas of the supply chain and select key performance indicators (KPIs) that observe the quality of the supply chain of blood banking, from an aspect of service quality and cost control. We set the current levels of these KPIs with relevant information if it is readily available or by extrapolation from historical data where the current levels are unavailable. In the third part, we propose changes to the supply chain to improve the areas of review. These improvements will be indicated by changes in the selected KPIs. Analysis of supply chain performance Corporate Overview Canadian Blood Services (CBS) is the national non-profit organization created to manage the blood supply throughout Canada outside Quebec. Canadian Blood Services operates 41 permanent collection sites and more than 20,000 donor clinics annually (Canadian Blood Services, 2009; British Columbia Ministry of Health Services, 2002). The main products of CBS are Red Blood Cells, Plasma protein products, Platelets and Plasma for transfusion. In 2008 CBS collected 915,858 units of whole blood from 425,000 donors. CBS services provides blood supply services for a population approximately 26,201,377 (Statistics Canada, 2010). Blood Banking Process Overview of CBS The overall process of blood supply is the following: a given geographic region is serviced by a regional blood center (RBC) and smaller community blood centers (CBCs). These are responsible for providing blood products to hospitals. To achieve this, the Blood Centers must plan donor collection at planned locations. Donors are invited to donate blood to donor clinics. To reach a wider donor population, mobile collection units (specialized vehicles) are sent to sites where there are no fixed donor clinics (Pierskalla, 2004.). Depending on the requirements for blood products, the whole blood are collected into appropriate bags are used when drawing blood. The collected whole blood is sent to a CBC or RBC for processing. There, it is tested for viruses and diseases, and final components are prepared from the whole blood. The components are placed into inventory for shipments to hospitals based on their blood product requirements. CBS operates only 41 permanent collection sites/RBC. The supply of blood products is then distributed to hospital blood centers, without community blood centers. The blood products are highly perishable, with shelf life from 5 to 35 days. If a particular component exceeds its maximum shelf life, it must be destroyed. This process is presented on the following figure. Current target of meeting demand is 95% of hospital demand nine months out of twelve. Literature review (Keal and Hebert, 2010) conclude that blood banks must reorganize their mindset and adopt KPIs on a daily basis. Naturally, financial, operations and executive levels may be interested in a different set of indicators. Blood banks need to perform analysis with a much greater frequency then currently performed to become more elastic to demand and changing environment. As a first step, a blood bank needs to identify which issues it needs to address when implementing KPIs. (Jennings, 1973)- Cooperation between is successful in outdate and shortage management is a good choice. Common inventory policy between blood centers reduce the numnber of outdates and shortages by 72% in a 20 blood center cluster, and by 64% for a 5 blood center cluster. Simple threshold transfer policy reduce the numnber of outdates and shortages by 61% in a 20 blood center cluster, and by 54% for a 5 blood center cluster. This operates on a Outdate / Shortage ratio of 1.0 (equal number of shortages and outda tes). Simple treshold transfer is much more efficient in transport logistics and costs, as well as information support systems. (Prastacos, 1984) Blood collection is through organized collections, invited donors and walk in donors. No donor should be returned. This variance in collection environemnt dictates very careful selection of Optimal component processing policies to achieve optimal supply of proposed products. Donors react positively to positive reinforcement (rewards, altruism, health checks). The positive reinforcement is a key conclusion of the research of (Oswalt, 1977). (Hemmelmayr et al., 2009)- Discusses that a Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) control for blood products can be extremely efficient, including scenarios of multiple products. (Jones, 2003) Changes to regulation and public events can cause a significant dip in donations and cause blood product shortages. These can be localized, and impact the different regions differently, thus testing the elastic ity of the system. Donors react positively to positive reinforcement (rewards, altruism, health checks).The blood donor pool needs to be further researched, since significant number of potential donors are untapped. (Katsaliaki and Brailsford, 2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" performs a computer simulation model of the blood banking environment end-to-end and concludes that there are room for changes that will improve the overall system state. These changes include changes in stock planning, management of inventory Key Performance Indicators, KPI ´s, are indicators showing what needs to be done in an internal operative perspective. These KPI ´s focus on the parts of an organisations performance that are the most critical to success, both for present time and future. A good KPI affects a number of critical success factors. It also affects other KPI ´s in a positive manner. Parmenter (2007, page 3) Due to Neely et al (2000), each company has to map their way to s uccess through identifying a number of key factors in the process When implementing KPIs, it is of utmost importance that goal measures for every KPI are defined. Shahin and Mahbod (2007) claim that SMART goal setting is a commonly used set of criteria of how to set goals. SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Sensitive. The service level is the ability for the company to secure delivery to its customers. When calculating the safety stock the service level is used. (Mattsson, 2004, page 160) decrease the holding stock to 4 days, the introduction of two routine deliveries in working hours to better manage orders from the NBS and grouped transport to hospitals, a more insensitive ad-hoc ordering point for RBCs to 35% of the optimal stock level, the reduction of the total crossmatch release period (before and after transfusion) to 1 day, the increase of the transfusion to crossmatch ratio to 70%, either through stricter compliance with the recom mended ordering system leading to more accurate orders placed by doctors, or by applyingm ultiple-crossmatchingte chniques, strict adherence of the hospital blood bank when cross-matching units to a FIFO order for units coming from the Centre and LIFO for the unused, returned units from the other wards. In other words, compliance with a FIFO order accordingt o the collection/productiond ate of the unit Analysis of Key Performance Indicators of Procurement The main challenge in the procurement process for blood banks is the supply of the source of all blood products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" donors who can vary since donors are volunteers. The supply is further impacted by the list of viruses and diseases that the donations need to be screened for before the products can be used for transfusions (Pierskalla, 2004.). All collected whole blood and blood products are stored in special containers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" bags that differ depending on the product they contain. A defective batch of containers delivered from the manufacturer will cause a recall and destruction of an entire batch of collected WBC or entire batches of products. The CBS procurement KPIs that will be investigated are: Percent of RBC shipped vs whole blood collected à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This KPI will measure the ratio of of red blood cells shipped to the whole blood collected. From the collected blood, there can be discards due to a variety of reasons (quality control, t est results, post-donation information, equipment problems, process non-conformances). This ratio indicates the quality of blood collection and processing. CBS has an average of 79% ratio of this KPI over a 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Blood product recalls per 10,000 collections à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This KPI measures the number of blood product recalls once they have been distributed to the hospitals that need to be recalled due to errors, accidents and post-donation information, for every 10,000 blood collections. This ratio is important to since it influences the overall customer satisfaction, and causes costs for the reverse logistics. CBS had the worst recall ratio in 2008, with significant decrease in 2009 (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Whole blood donors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A very straightforward KPI, which tracks the number of persons that donated whole blood à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the upstream suppliers. This KPI needs to be closely fo llowed, since a declining number of donors indicate a very real risk of blood and product shortages since the upstream supply is reducing. CBS historical data for this KPI indicates a varying trend in the past 3 years (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Units of whole blood collected vs Number of Whole blood donors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This KPI presents the prolificacy of each donor during the year. The average waiting period between donations for a donor is 70 days. This means that at most, a single donor can make 5 donations per year. CBS has this KPI at a very constant 2.17 over the 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of blood containers defective per 10,000 units collected- Since the blood procurement process is extremely dependent on the correct and good quality containers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"bags. Therefore, a KPI is needed to identify the amount of defective containers, and properly manage the supplier relationship with the suppliers of these contai ners. CBS has seen the most defective bags are noted in 2008, with a declining trend in 2009. Analysis of Key Performance Indicators of Inventory Management As (Jennings, 1973) concludes, three of the most important measures in inventory management in any blood bank are shortage, outdating and cost. We will review the following KPIs in the CBS model: Number of component indate discards over components produced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The discarded components from inventory within their shelf life are part of the total loss of stock. Recalls for any reasons, as well as defective containers cause indate discards. But indate discards from inventory reduces available inventory, and can impact the carefully planned balance of procurement, stock and distribution. CBS has a trend of reduction of indate discards in stock, which is consistent with the increasing percentage of delivery of products to collected blood units. Number of outdated components to total components in inventory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Since blood products are extremely perishable, there is no opportunity to keep a stock of blood products for any long period of time unless the y are cryofrozen (out of scope of this paper). The outdated components are the stock of products that have not been used before their shelf life has passed. This KPI is crucial in tracking the expiry of products (and conversely money) due to poor planning. CBS is reducing the outdated products and bringing it to 2.5% at an annual level. Cost per blood product unit shipped à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Since everything is about cost reduction or customer support, this ratio is crucial for cost management. Every step in the blood banking process is very expensive, and the tracking of this KPI is important for top management, as well as the logistics manager. As can be seen in the diagram, this KPI for CBS is showing increasing costs (Canadian Blood Services, 2009; British Columbia Ministry of Health Services, 2002) Percent of Order fill rate, by blood product type à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This KPI directly tracks the downstream supply chain service quality. The percent of order fill rate is in e ssence the achieved service level for each type of product. total blood requests, by type of blood product (red blood cells, platelets etc.). CBS sees a reduction of the service level for order fulfillment in the 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Proposed Changes for Improving Performance After reviewing the KPIs of the two processes of interest, certain trends are identified that need to be analyzed and remedial action be taken. Each of these KPIs will require a logistic effort. Procurement The procurement process of Blood Banking supply chain was observed through 5 KPIs and it was identified that 3 are indicating positive trend. The other 2 KPIs are indicating negative trends that need to be treat: Increasing units of whole blood collected per donor, which indicates reduced motivation of the supply sources. The positive donor motivation should be returned only through positive reinforcement. (Prastacos, 1984; Oswalt, 1977). In logistics terms this would mean more equipment, human resources, marketing material and constant communication with donor relationship teams to provide necessary resources. Number of blood containers defective is widely varying. Most organisations monitor their suppliers to make sure that they continue to give satisfactory service. This is called supplier rating or vendor rating (Waters, 2003) Multiple suppliers and very frequent tracking of this KPI (weekly level) (Keal and Hebert, 2010) so proper remedial action can be taken . FIFO/LIFO Inventory Management The inventory management process of Blood Banking supply chain was observed through 4 KPIs. While 2 KPIs indicate good trends and successful operation, the other 2 indicate serious issues that need to be remedied. The main actions that need to be taken from the investigated KPIs are: Increasing order fill rate. The following diagram presents the overall service level of CBS for order fill rate. It can be concluded that the overall service level (product of service levels of the three products) is steadily declining. The safety stock needs to be increased on all three products to include (Ballou, 2004; Waters, 2003) Trans-Shipment for grouped Stock Centers (Jennings, 1973) and re-use of returned indate products (Katsaliaki and Brailsford, 2007) Vendor Managed Inventory for hospitals (Hemmelmayr et al., 2009) Controlling cost per blood product unit. There is a consistent trend of increasing cost of blood product unit. The cost breakdown in Appendix C shows that the maj or cost elements are the blood collections and distribution, consisting of 50% of all costs (excluding administration). Since the best positions for cost reduction are at the point of contact between supply chain partners (Waters, 2003), these exact points should be investigated for cost reduction. Conclusion Blood Banking is operating the supply of a key component of life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" blood and bood products. It is considered a crucial service for any country, and is even treated as a big business in some countries. The logistical issues of blood banking are many on every level, since blood banking must achieve very fast delivery of products, and any stock-outs may mean loss of human life. This is further Through adoption of KPI tracking throughout the processes of blood banking, a blood service like Canadian Blood Services (CBS) can achieve a very quick reaction time to adverse indications of deficiencies in the process. The procurement process has logistical issues that need to be followed by the logistician in the area of donor treatment, which is an activity that will be performed in coordination with Marketing. A more pressing issue is the management and tracking of quality of blood containers and their suppliers, since a faulty series of containers will cause produ ct recalls, stock-outs and financial losses. The inventory management process as a first priority must focus on achieving an much better overall service level of order fill rate than the current one. The service level needs to be increased by a higher safety stock, but since only increasing the safety stock is costly, a trans-shipment of products between centers need to be performed. Also, this service level can be improved by agreeing on a Vendor Managed Inventory with the hospitals. The other issue is cost of blood product management, through optimizing the process which requires most logistics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" blood collections. An optimized process of blood collections which can reduce costs of that process by 10% will show significant improvement of the cost of blood product.

If I Die in a Combat Zone Free Essays

The novels If I Die in a Combat Zone and The Things They Carried were both written by Tim O’Brien. Tim O’Brien is a Vietnam War veteran and all of the novels he wrote are about his times in the war. He includes the same characters in the stories, but changed their names and descriptions. We will write a custom essay sample on If I Die in a Combat Zone or any similar topic only for you Order Now I do not believe that O’Brien wrote the books for any political reason. Both of the novels have very much in common including the style that it is written, and the stories that are told. There are also differences including the order of the stories, and the endings. These similarities and differences are important for the novels because it shows the diversity that different soldiers go through in times of war. The style that O’Brien writes in both novels is first person narrative. O’Brien tells the story in his point of view, and tells different stories. In If I Die in a Combat Zone the stories he tells his whole time in Vietnam. He starts with how he got drafted into the war and his training. He considered leaving the country to go live in Europe. At the last minute he almost left, but then decided to stay and go to Vietnam. He continues the story in chronological order of the times and significant events that had happened throughout his duty. In The Things They Carried, O’Brien told significant stories that were told out of chronological order. The stories told in The Things They Carried were also less biographical and focused more on the men in his platoon. He also jumps back and forth between the war and post war, where he talked to the surviving men from his platoon. He tells the stories of the war, and the stories that the men told him. This is one of the differences between the two books. The ways the stories are told are different. Even though both books are told in the perspective of O’Brien, when he is telling the stories in The Things They Carried, we are more sympathetic to the other characters because it mostly focuses on them. In both of the stories, O’Brien also uses the same terminology in the books. He uses what I describe as â€Å"war† terminology. He uses words and acronyms. For example he said that they were looking for Charlie. I’m not very educated on the Vietnam War so I looked up who Charlie was. Then I realized that Charlie is the Vietnamese army. There were other terms including the different guns and different mine types. Thankfully, O’Brien explained those terms. O’Brien is consistent with his terms and it makes it easier to read one book after reading the other because of this consistency. The endings of If I Die in a Combat Zone and The Things They Carried are different. In If I Die in a Combat Zone, the end is O’Brien going home from Vietnam. He says that there is no joy in leaving Vietnam. He says that he thought of the friends he gained and the friends he lost. He reminisced what he learned, and realized that he did not learn a lot. The ending of The Things They Carried is one last story that focused on O’Brien. It was the first time that he had seen a dead body in Vietnam. It then flashes back to his past where his girlfriend had died because of a brain tumor. That was the first time he had seen a dead body. The soldiers say that to keep a person alive is to always tell memories. But O’Brien didn’t do that, he just imagined that his girlfriend was still alive and waiting for him. Although collectively I did not like either of Tim O’Brien’s books, but I can say that they are well written. The reason I did not like the books was because of the graphics that were described. I understand that learning about the Vietnam War is important, and the horrific aspects are important to learn also, but I do not agree with describing in detail about bodies being blown to pieces. Both books have their similarities in being that they are about the Vietnam War, the style of the book, and the stories and their content. Although the differences were big, including the order of the stories, and the perspective of the stories, the books are close in content. I believe that these books can be read simultaneously with each other. How to cite If I Die in a Combat Zone, Papers

Definition Essay on Beauty Example For Students

Definition Essay on Beauty Needless to say, beauty is something that is perceived by every person differently. The views on this interesting philosophical issue may be viewed from different perspectives. Many books and films illustrate various aspects of beauty, establishing the so-called false standards in society. Every day, a person sees the beautiful images of women and men in pop magazines and other sources. However, these images are not actual examples of what the word beauty means. As it was already mentioned, different individuals may have their own standards of beauty and own opinions about what it means â€Å"to be beautiful.† In many colleges, students get the task to write a beauty definition essay. Professors usually want to check one’s deeper understanding of this abstract concept rather than the paraphrased definition from a dictionary. However, answering the question â€Å"What is beauty?† is not as simple as one may think. What does beauty mean? You may find a variety of examples on the internet exploring what beauty means. To develop a great beauty definition, you should concentrate on the true meaning of this concept and what it means for you and other individuals. Remember that expressing only your personal opinion you will create a biased essay that has nothing to do with defining the authentic meaning of beauty. To avoid this problem, research every aspect of the issue. Before you start writing your beauty definition paper, make sure that you know the basic requirements of a definition essay. You may think that the primary purpose of this essay is to provide a concrete definition of a particular word, notion, or concept. Unfortunately, it is not enough to explain what the word â€Å"beauty† means to get the highest mark. Even though beauty definition essay is relatively a short and not complicated task, it still may be a very challenging task. You should demonstrate not only personal definition of the term but include some relevant information about its history and applicability in society. You should also show your objective, academic understanding of the term. While it is easy to define such concrete words as a house, table, book, or tree, more abstract terms such as love, friendship, happiness, or beauty may create a lot of challenges. Remember that a definition essay is a great opportunity to demonstrate your critical thinking skills. Do not forget that your beauty definition essay should also have a clear structure as many other kinds of assignments. In the introduction, you may write briefly about what was considered to be beautiful during different historical epochs. Then, you should write that the times have changed and the standards of beauty have changed as well. Your thesis statement that you will put at the end of your introduction should be a kind of extended beauty definition and introduce the list of main points you will discuss in further paragraphs. The specificity of write the essay about beauty As far as body paragraphs are concerned, every paragraph should be concentrated on only one idea from the thesis statement. Hence, you may start telling the difference between the conceptions of â€Å"natural beauty† and â€Å"artificial beauty.† You may address the problem of how popular mass-media and different individual biases disrupt one’s true understanding of beauty. Talk about the need to get rid of the stereotypes to have a clear understanding of what beauty means. Another thing you may include in your beauty definition essay is exploring what can be defined as â€Å"beautiful† in different countries around the world. For sure, the standards of beauty may differ depending on ethnicity, race, religion, and other cultural factors. You may compare what the word â€Å"beauty† means in your society and other communities. For example, it is interesting to explore the beauty standards in Africa and explain how the perception of the beauty of Africans differs from other countries. .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 , .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 .postImageUrl , .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 , .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164:hover , .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164:visited , .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164:active { border:0!important; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164:active , .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164 .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2dce7a16b6f5430324e49c26a6375164:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human rights violations EssayYou may also refer to Philosophy and use a philosophical approach to define the meaning of the word â€Å"beauty.†   According to Platos philosophy, beauty is something that cannot be completely defined by ones senses. The reason is that different individuals have their unique views on a particular concept and perceive objects in different ways. You might also include in your paper the importance of â€Å"inner beauty,† and why the inner qualities of a person are much important than his or her physical beauty. You may emphasize that beauty is not about ones physical appearance. Authentic beauty originates from within the heart o f individuals or comes from within. As far as the conclusion of your paper is concerned, summarize the most important points and once again provide a final extended definition of the concept of beauty.   One of the most effective ways to conclude your beauty definition essay is putting the final remark emphasizing the role the term plays in your life and society. Relate your personal experience to the definition you created for the analyzed word.

An Introduction to Anasazi Puebloan Societies

An Introduction to Anasazi Puebloan Societies Anasazi is the archaeological term used to describe prehistoric Puebloan peoples of the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. This term was used to distinguish their culture from other Southwestern groups like the Mogollon and Hohokam. A further distinction in Anasazi culture is made by archaeologists and historians between Western and Eastern Anasazi, using the Arizona/New Mexico border as a fairly arbitrary divide. The people who resided in Chaco Canyon are considered Eastern Anasazi. The term Anasazi is an English corruption of a Navajo word meaning Enemy Ancestors or Ancient Ones. Modern Puebloan people prefer to use the term Ancestral Puebloans. Current archaeological literature as well tends to use the phrase Ancestral Pueblo to describe the pre-contact people that lived in this region. Cultural Characteristics Ancestral Puebloan cultures reached their maximum presence between AD 900 and 1130. During this period, the landscape of the entire Southwest was dotted by large and small villages constructed in adobe and stone bricks, built along the canyon walls, the mesa top or hanging over the cliffs. Settlements: The most famous examples of Anasazi architecture are the famous Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde National Parks. These areas contain settlements constructed on the mesa top, at the bottom of the canyon, or along the cliffs. Cliff dwellings are typical of Mesa Verde, whereas Great Houses are typical of Chacoan Anasazi. Pithouses, underground rooms, were also typical dwellings of Ancestral Puebloan people in their earlier times.Architecture: Buildings were usually multistory and clustered near the canyon or cliff walls and were reached through wooden ladders. Anasazi constructed typical round or squared structures, called kivas, which were ceremonial rooms.Landscape: Ancient Puebloan people shaped their landscape in many ways. Ceremonial roads connected Chacoan villages among them and with important landmarks; staircases, like the famous Jackson Staircase, link the bottom of the canyon with the mesa top; irrigation systems provided water for farming and, finally, rock art, such as petroglyphs and pictographs, dots the rocky walls of many sites surrounding, testifying to the ideology and religious beliefs of these peoples. Pottery: Ancestral Puebloans crafted elegant vessels, in different shapes, such as bowls, cylindric vessels, and jars with distinct decorations typical of each Anasazi group. Motifs included both geometric elements as well as animals and humans usually portrayed in dark colors over a cream background, like the famous black-on-white ceramics.Craftwork: Other craft productions in which Ancestral Puebloan excelled were basketry, and turquoise inlay works. Social Organization For most of the Archaic period, people living in the Southwest were foragers. By the beginning of the Common Era, cultivation was widespread and maize became one of the main staples. This period marks the emergence of the typical traits of Puebloan culture. Ancient Puebloan village life was focused on farming  and both productive and ceremonial activities centered around agricultural cycles. Storage of maize and other resources lead to surplus formation, which was re-invested in trading activities and feasting celebrations. Authority was probably held by religious and prominent figures of the community, who had access to food surpluses and imported items. Anasazi Chronology The Anasazi prehistory is divided by archaeologists into two main time frames: Basketmaker (AD 200-750) and Pueblo (AD 750-1600/historic times). These periods span from the beginning of settled life until the Spanish takeover. See the detailed Anasazi timelineSee details on the Rise and Fall of Chaco Canyon Anasazi Archaeological Sites and Issues Penasco BlancoChetro KetlPueblo BonitoChaco CanyonKivaChaco Road System Sources: Cordell, Linda 1997, Archaeology of the Southwest. Second Edition. Academic Press Kantner, John, 2004, Ancient Puebloan Southwest, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Vivian, R. Gwinn Vivian and Bruce Hilpert 2002, The Chaco Handbook. An Encyclopedic Guide, The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City Edited by  K. Kris Hirst

Free Essays on Argument Essay On Drinking Age

The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered You always want what you can’t have, But if u could have it, would you still want it, or crave it. That’s the question at hand. From the moment we can understand how rules work it’s in betted in our minds that we can’t drink, smell or even look at alcohol until the age of 21.At least that’s how my generation grew up, but it hasn’t always been like that. In 1987 the decision was made to raise the drinking age from 18 to 21. This is not the first time drinking alcoholic beverages has been regulated. In the 1920’s National probation was enforced, and in the 1850’s state prohibition. These laws were enforced so harshly a backlash occurred and even more social problems happened. We are doing the exact same thing today, by prohibiting people under 21 not to drink. Doing this it is causing and even worse backlash then it did in the 1920’s. College students are being forced to create there own little bars in their dorm room or apartments, where binge drinking occurs and in order to get drunk faster before they get caught. This law is creating alcoholics not preventing them this needs to change. It is no secret that drinking goes on in the college atmosphere, I would be lying if I said it didn’t. But were not 21 when we go to college, were 18. When someone becomes 18 they are legally considered an adult. With the title of adult come great responsibilities. You can legally vote, you can go to war, get married, smoke, but yet we can have a bottle of wine at our wedding or a shot after a hard days job on the war front. This just doesn’t make sense to me. The theory is that people under the age of 21 are neither physically or emotionally developed to drink alcohol, but yet instill there ready at the age of 18 to shoot a man in a war. Why is it that other countries find their kids responsible enough to drink at 16 or 17. What makes American kids so different. Perhaps if we were t... Free Essays on Argument Essay On Drinking Age Free Essays on Argument Essay On Drinking Age The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered You always want what you can’t have, But if u could have it, would you still want it, or crave it. That’s the question at hand. From the moment we can understand how rules work it’s in betted in our minds that we can’t drink, smell or even look at alcohol until the age of 21.At least that’s how my generation grew up, but it hasn’t always been like that. In 1987 the decision was made to raise the drinking age from 18 to 21. This is not the first time drinking alcoholic beverages has been regulated. In the 1920’s National probation was enforced, and in the 1850’s state prohibition. These laws were enforced so harshly a backlash occurred and even more social problems happened. We are doing the exact same thing today, by prohibiting people under 21 not to drink. Doing this it is causing and even worse backlash then it did in the 1920’s. College students are being forced to create there own little bars in their dorm room or apartments, where binge drinking occurs and in order to get drunk faster before they get caught. This law is creating alcoholics not preventing them this needs to change. It is no secret that drinking goes on in the college atmosphere, I would be lying if I said it didn’t. But were not 21 when we go to college, were 18. When someone becomes 18 they are legally considered an adult. With the title of adult come great responsibilities. You can legally vote, you can go to war, get married, smoke, but yet we can have a bottle of wine at our wedding or a shot after a hard days job on the war front. This just doesn’t make sense to me. The theory is that people under the age of 21 are neither physically or emotionally developed to drink alcohol, but yet instill there ready at the age of 18 to shoot a man in a war. Why is it that other countries find their kids responsible enough to drink at 16 or 17. What makes American kids so different. Perhaps if we were t...

Californias Cultural Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Californias Cultural Evolution - Essay Example There are many literatures romanticizing the richness of its civilization but the fact remains that these social groups were hunters and gatherers with some already having some semblance of agricultural knowledge. When the Spaniards came with their swords and their cross, the bow and arrow wielding natives were forced to become 'civilized' which stood for adapting and tailoring their customs and habits according to European culture. The Native Americans who were conquered soon became mini Spaniards because they shifted their beliefs and customs to mimic those of the colonizers and most importantly, they traded their native tongue for Spanish words. Although many native groups which were left alone resumed their hunting and gathering orientation, most of the inhabitants of California have become agriculturally oriented especially with the establishment of Ranchos. These areas were the land where cattle and sheep were raised. It was granted by the Spanish and Mexican regimes to encourage settlement. The domestic animals soon became important exports such as cow hides and fat used to make candles and soaps. Not only were they affected in language and way of subsistence, they also experienced the religious transformation that had become the mark of Spanish colonies. This was due to the California Missions which saw the construction religious outposts of major sects of Christian religion such as the Dominicans and the Jesuits. These missions were also the avenue thru which European livestock, fruits, vegetables and industry entered the California region. From their old set of animistic beliefs, which others in the past would call as pagan, the Native Americans became Christian primarily because they had no choice but to wield to the interests of the colonizers who had superior arms. The Gold Rush Mexicans broke the Spanish rule only to be replaced by Americans during the Mexican-American War in 1846. American domination paved the way for the occurrence of events which would radically transform the society of California. Two years after the American conquest of California, gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in the Sierra Nevada foothills. The discovery led to a remarkable event in California's history and is aptly termed as the Gold Rush. With the discovery came an exodus of miners, merchants and bankers into the region. It was estimated that in 1855, about 300,000 Forty-Niners or those hoping to get a piece of gold arrived in the region. California saw a precipitous rise in settlements especially along San Francisco Bay. The significance of the Gold Rush was that it transformed the formerly agricultural region to a mining and profit oriented society though agriculture was still an integral part. This had the effect of bringing in capital to the region thereby sponsoring a boom in infrastructures and developments in housing and education. The immigrants were by no means illiterate and untrained. In fact, they were highly skilled and trained in their profession. The immigrants had knowledge as teamsters, draymen, lighter men, riggers, stevedores, bakers,

Guns and Other Weapons in Schools Research Paper

Guns and Other Weapons in Schools - Research Paper Example The origins of capital punishment date back to ancient times, where it was used to punish and deter crime; and as a political tool, to suppress rebellion and dissent among the masses (Aiken 207). One of the most famous examples of capital punishment is the death of the philosopher Socrates, who was required to drink poison for heresy (Schabas, â€Å"The Death Penalty† 164). Seventh century Athens, meanwhile, decreed capital punishment for any and all proven crimes (Murrie, Anumba and Keesler 125). Regio cites that ancient Babylon also decreed capital punishment for certain crimes - though it is surprising that murder was not among these. Research also highlights the role of religion in the origin of capital punishment - Islam, for example, commanded capital punishment for offenses such as treason and rape; while Mosaic Law did the same for other crimes (Regio). By the eighteenth century, British colonies were enforcing the capital punishment for over two hundred different crim es (Murrie, Anumba and Keesler 125). This shows a varied and liberal use of the death penalty; it is possible to infer from this kind of use that the barriers to putting someone to death for crime till the nineteenth century, were anything but great. Reviewing literature on capital punishment highlights two striking features of capital punishment in ancient and medieval times: the lack of due legal process preceding it, and the brutality characterizing it. Burns demonstrates how the witch hunts of Europe are a classic example of both these features - between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, thousands were tortured and burned alive for practicing witchcraft, often after trials by ordeal - in a large number of cases, guilt was decided by submerging the accused in a body of water, and seeing whether the accused sank or floated (95). Jewish traditions included execution through stoning, crucifixion and sawing through convicts (Regio). The absence of an objective legal process i s also seen in the norm of torturing people who would not confess to their crimes; and executing criminals by boiling them - some for several hours - until they died (Regio). Researchers have argued that it is important to see all of this in context - olden times were different from the modern era, their societal laws and values built in an environment of fear, hardness and suspicion that had resulted from uncontrolled and rampant disease and death, as well as the difficulty of finding practical evidence (Schabas, â€Å"The Abolition of Death Penalty,† Burns 94) - but, whatever the debate on why capital punishment was so executed may be, what all researchers can agree on is a general lack of regulation and fairness in capital punishment before the modern era. With humankind’s progress towards civilization, both of these things have changed. Schabas believes this is because the advance towards civilization has changed the nature of human motivation - the author argues t hat the socialization and interdependence that characterize the modern era, also lead to a legal system where the promotion of ethics - and not harsh deterrence - becomes the core function of criminal law (â€Å"The Abolition of the Death Penalty†). Over the centuries, then, societies around the globe have moved towards a legal system which regulates the nature of capital punishment, and the reasons and processes for awarding it (Schabas, â€Å"The Death Penalty† 159). One of the first steps towards this was made in the 1966

CSR Policy At BHP Billiton

CSR Policy At BHP Billiton After thorough deliberation of the research, the analysis indicates that BHP boasts of a good CSR reputation. However the activities that feature in this report are questionable CSR practices and there is a growing gap between BHPs rhetoric and the reality of its operations. The report also evaluates why these controversial activities have not had a significant effect on BHPs corporate image. In particular, outlining BHPs use of its CSR Policy as a Public Relations (PR) tool to manage its reputation. Table of Contents Introduction BHP Billiton was formed in 2001 through the merger of the BHP (a natural resource company) and Billiton (mining company). It now operates in 25 countries, employs approximately 41,000 people and has a market value of over 250 billion (BHP Billiton, Our business n.d.). Milton Friedman describes CSR as a fundamentally subversive doctrine and states that there is one and only one social responsibility of business which is to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so as long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud (Hamilton Fitzgerald 2005). While many leading companies are genuinely moving in this direction, others are simply seeking a relatively short-term improved public perception of their operations. Increasingly CSR has become a major concern in the global mining economy because of the heightened awareness of unethical business behaviour. Most recent examples of this include the devastating oil spill in 2010 by British Petroleum (BP) in the Gulf of Mexico (BP, Gulf of Mexico Restoration n.d.). Price Waterhouse Coopers identify a number of challenges BHP and many other natural resource companies face in todays environment: improving safety and reducing the environmental impact improving performance and operational effectiveness managing risk complying with regulatory reporting requirements and addressing sustainability issues. (Price Waterhouse Coopers, n.d) BHP Billiton BHP responds to community expectations with a combination of policys including a code of conduct, sustainable development policy and many others designed to set the standard of which it conducts its business. At the forefront of this approach stands BHPs CSR Policy. CSR Policy BHP define its CSR Policy as a requirement to address risks, explicitly stating it has zero tolerance for the misconduct of: child labour, forced or compulsory labour, treatment of employees, living wages, workplace health and safety, freedom of association, world heritage sites and protected areas, biofuels, corruption, bribery and extortion, compliance with laws, discrimination, indigenous rights and the environment (BHP Billiton, Corporate social responsibility requirements n.d). Communication and Advertisement BHP uses four communication channels on its website to advertise its CSR Policy: reports, which reference CSR information for stakeholders, announcements, available on its home page which are designed to provide updates on their CSR performance and activities, multimedia, the website also offers effective use of multimedia to enhance their CSR information through relevant images, interviews and other media, feedback, BHP invites stakeholders to provide feedback via their website by submitting online questions (BHP Billiton, Our business n.d.). Uniqueness of CSR Policy The level of CSR differs from each company, however after comparing BHP with Shell and British Petroleum, two of its natural resource competitors; it is clear all three competitors are trying to get value from their CSR reporting by focusing on the environmental and social concerns of their stakeholders. This includes such things as political, economic, environmental, social, legal and cultural factors. Drivers of CSR (Benn Dunphy 2007) argue that corporate social responsibility may in fact be the consequence of profitability rather than the cause. So the question stands, is BHPs CSR Policy driven by true concern for society, or is it another way to increase corporate profit? BHP argue that its decision to report on Corporate Social Responsibility is based on: consideration of the key health, safety, environment, community and socio-economic risks of our business consideration of stakeholder feedback and commentary with regards to issues of materiality a desire to continually improve reporting standards Evidence of Commitment to CSR BHP uses a number of methods to ensure it complies with its CSR Policy. This includes but is not limited to: conducting a progress assessment on its performance in relation to the UN Global Compact principle and the Global Reporting Initiative which are designed to align their operations. holding an annual Forum on Corporate Responsibility (FCR) that brings together representatives of senior management and key non-government organisations and community opinion leaders to discuss and debate social and environmental matters relevant to BHP. Investing in community projects and recording its community contributions spend against the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDG), this presents a consistent framework for measuring tangible progress. The reporting methods noted above are publically available on BHPs website, this is proof that BHP acknowledges the challenges in the nature of its operations. Assurance BHP commissioned the URS in 2006 to provide an independent review of its Sustainability Report (URS Australia, n.d). The results indicated that BHPs Sustainability Report fairly represents the health and safety, environment, community and socio-economic impacts of its operations. Rhetoric or Reality BHP Billiton has argued in theory that it abides by its strong corporate responsibility; however there is a growing gap between its rhetoric and the reality of its activities. The following cases are examples of challenges faced by BHPs operations when policy does not equate to practice: Natural Resource Industry BHPs core business is to provide natural resources, an industry which has had increased social pressures to act responsibly. It can be argued that BHPs CSR Policy was produced as a public relations tool to mitigate the negative impacts of its core business activities and also to maximise profits for its stakeholders. The real test here is does BHP act ethically when it has the opportunity to make a profit (Pratt Nikolova 2006). This was demonstrated most recently when BHP advised of its intentions to supply the Chinese energy market with an additional 10,500 tonnes of uranium annually. The Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) warn that once the uranium enters China it will disappear from the safeguards radar, this could potentially lead to devastating outcomes such as nuclear proliferation. Clearly BHP has a greater CSR here but unfortunately the $80 million in revenue was more important than its public image or the health of the wider community. Economic Influence BHPs CSR Policy specifically prohibits the influence of government officials to support the company practices. Most recently in 2010 the Australian Federal Government proposed a super profit mining tax estimating to have made $100 billion in revenue between 2012-13 and 2020-21. However the government was subsequently influenced by three major mining companies including BHP, who explicitly opposed the tax proposal, threatening Australias investment capital (The mining company that cried poor 16 February 2011). As a result the Prime Minister slashed 30 per cent of the tax which means the Australian taxpayers will take a forecast revenue hit of $60 billion over a decade while BHP reports over $10 billion profit for the second half of 2010. Corruption, Bribery and Extortion Clarke (2007) argues that the debate concerning the true extent of the accountability and responsibility continues to the present day. BHP states that: All contract related transactions and payments, including those in connection with gifts and hospitality and other expenditures, must be accurately recorded in reasonable detail in the books and records of any supplier who works on behalf of BHP Billiton (BHP Bilton, Corporate social responsibility requirements). However in April 2010 BHP was investigated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission after Cambodias Minister for Water Resources told the countrys National Assembly that BHP Billiton had paid US$2.5 million in unofficial payments, to the government, to secure a mining concession (An Alternative Annual Report 2010). BHP has not revealed what over payment was for but controversially the countries BHP operates in have poor records on corruptions and are desperately in need of foreign investment. Protection of the Environment BHP states that: Protection of the Environment: The supplier must operate in a manner that is protective of the environment and comply with all applicable environmental laws, regulations and standards, environmental permitting and re porting (BHP Bilton, Corporate social responsibility requirements). However in 1996 it was sued by Slater and Gordon for one of worlds most devastating environmental disasters when it discharged over one billion tonnes of tailings and waste material into the source of the Ok Tedi River in Papua New Guinea (PNG). This caused more than 3,000 square kilometres of deforestation, turned the tropical rain forests into savannahs, caused 95% decline in fish population (An Alternative Annual Report 2010). Workplace Health and Safety BHP states that it must ensure: the provision of safe and healthy working facilities and appropriate precautionary measures to protect employees from work-related hazards and anticipated dangers in the workplace (BHP Billiton, Corporate social responsibility requirements). However five of its workers in the Western Australia operations died in fatal injuries due to unsafe working practices from 2008-2010 (An Alternative Annual Report 2010). BHP also states that it must ensure: workers receive regular and recorded health and safety training (BHP Billiton, Corporate social responsibility requirements). However in its South African operations employees were not informed about the health and safety risks of handling a chemical element called manganese which causes illnesses such as Parkinsons Disease (An Alternative Annual Report 2010). Effectiveness of BHPs CSR Policy Despite its bad history BHP has usually maintained a good CSR reputation. In fact the Australian Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility went so far as to list BHP in the 2010/11 Top 20 Australian Listed Companies based on its advanced CSR capabilities (State of CSR in Australia Annual Review 2010/11). The real question here is has BHP earned its right to good CSR reputation? History of Public Relations It is a well-known fact that many companies spend a lot of money on Public Relations (PR) to manage their reputation. In the late 1990s BHP employed the Ecos Corp, an environmental PR company founded by former Greenpeace International Executive Director Paul Gilding to help repair its reputation after the OK Tedi Mine disaster in PNG (Ecos 2007). The public relations was aimed at countering the bad publicity through campaigns including advertisements in business publications such as the Financial Review and Australian TV. BHP also offered legal support to the PNG Government for the development of new environmental laws. Unfortunately for BHP, this resulted in an even bigger public outcry, as the company was accused of interfering with its legislation in an effort to protect its own interests (Quester et al 2001). Evaluation The evaluation of BHPs CSR Policy resides in the adequacy of its reporting standards. Clarke (2007) argues that in order for a company to receive creditability they must disclose their processes, procedures and assumptions in reporting. It can be argued that BHP has intentionally chosen not to transparently report on the cases as mentioned in this report, for the simple fact that it leaves it open to more risk and public scrutiny. However this lack of acknowledgement effectively contradicts its stewardship and attests its reliability. Increased public awareness demands that CSR reporting will no longer be used as a public relations tool. This can be seen, as mentioned previously, through the introduction of the Australian Federal Government Mining Tax and other legislation such as the UK Bribery Act, both will inevitably have a significant impact on the way BHP conducts its business. Additionally important are organisations such as BHP Billiton Watch, which was formed to deal with the prominent concerns of communities and organisations across the world regarding BHPs activities (BHP Billiton Watch n.d). Conclusion It is inevitable that organisations such as BHP, in controversial industries such as mining, are never going to be holistically accepted. However, todays forward thinking generation recognise the impacts and challenges of CSR including safety, environmental, community and socio-economic issues. Stakeholders including shareholders demand greater accountability than simply financial returns. Therefore verification and transparency are key to BHPs success and the credibility of its CSR. BHP boasts of a strong reputation and has an opportunity and increased responsibility to enhance and contribute to a safe renewable environment and set an example for other companies alike.

Serious Case Reviews in Childcare Sector

Unit 25Understand how to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People Outcome 1. 4 Explain when and why inquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious Case Reviews (SCR’s) are undertaken when a child dies (including death by suspected suicide), by a local authority (and more often than not by the Local Children’s Safeguarding Board) if abuse or neglect is known or suspected to be a factor in the death.SCR’s are not enquiries into how a child died or who was responsible; that is a matter for the Coroner's and Criminal Courts to determine. Instead the purpose of Serious Case Reviews is to: †¢ Establish whether there are lessons to be learned from the case about the way in which local professionals and organisations work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. †¢ Identify clearly what those lessons are, how they will be acted on and what is expected to change as a res ult. †¢ Improve inter-agency working and better safeguard and promote the welfare of children.Additionally, LSCB’s may decide to conduct a SCR whenever a child has been seriously harmed in any of the following situations and the case gives rise to concerns about the way in which local professionals and services worked together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children (including inter-agency and inter-disciplinary working). The two most popular deaths in recent years to be highlighted by the media which highlighted public concern about safeguarding concerns within the children are undoubtedly the deaths of Victoria Climbie and Peter Connelly (Baby P).In both of these cases there was public outrage, especially at the magnitude of Peter's injuries, and partly because Peter had lived in the London Borough of Haringey, North London, under the same child care authorities that had already failed ten years earlier in the case of Victoria Climbie. Her tragic circumstances had led to a public enquiry which resulted in measures being put in place in an effort to prevent similar cases happening. The child protection services of Haringey and other agencies were widely criticised following Baby P’s death.Following the conviction, three inquiries and a nationwide review of social service care were launched, and the Head of Children's Services at Haringey removed from post. Another nationwide review was conducted by Lord Laming into his own recommendations concerning Victoria Climbie's killing in 2000. The death was also the subject of debate in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The public’s viewpoint on the tragedy of Baby P was that it should never have happened as he was already known to social services and was seen as many as sixty times by social services, but still died horrifically at the hands of his carers.All of these incidents have resulted in a distinct lack of confidence in the work that social workers do and the childr en’s sector overall, and it will take a long time to rebuild that trust. The Baby P case in particular has damaged social work’s public image, led to fewer people entering the profession and made it harder to retain experienced staff. It is certainly the case that social work has a rather poor public image and that it seemingly can do no right whatever it does.At times, the profession is castigated for putting children at risk by failing to intervene early enough into family life, whilst on other occasions it is criticised for undermining parental authority by interfering too readily. Partnership working increased and tightened after the death of Victoria Climbie and included the implementation of the Children Act 2004 and the public enquiry into the circumstances surrounding her death. The inquiry, chaired by Lord Laming, found massive failings on the part of as many as twelve agencies with a role to play in protecting children.The findings led to recommendations for a radical reform of services, particularly in the areas of better joined up working and information sharing. Following this, several programmes and frameworks were later implemented into all establishments that worked with children, and these included â€Å"Every Child Matters† services, planned around children’s and young people’s needs and the improvement of the five key outcomes which contribute to their well-being: be healthy, stay safe, enjoy & achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.There was also the implementation of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) system which enables multi agencies to access and add information about a child’s needs. The CAF is used at the earliest opportunity when it is highlighted that a baby, child or young person may need help in their lives in order to progress. It is used when there is concern about a child, or agencies have recognised a child has additional needs, that require further e xploration and a multi-agency response.The assessment provides further information and understanding of the child’s circumstances. Another more recently publicised incident, included the review into â€Å"Little Teds† nursery whereby a member of staff, Vanessa George abused toddlers at the nursery, photographed it and publicised it on the internet, showed a lack of staff supervision and training within the setting, which again caused public outrage.The serious case review for this incident report detailed a number of lessons learned, which included the danger of mobile phones within day care settings. As a result locally the use of mobile phones is now prohibited in any children’s centre within the Wakefield district, however it is recognised that this alone will not prevent abuse or transmission of images on the internet from taking place.Other lessons learned is that staff at Little Ted’s Nursery did not recognise the escalation of George's sexualised b ehaviour as a warning sign and there is an urgent need for staff working in early years settings to receive training to help recognise potential signs of abuse and become confident in responding to a fellow staff member's behaviour. As a result, training on â€Å"whistle blowing† and the need for policies and procedures to be in place has become a more urgent need in the childcare sector.Other recommendations set out by the Little Teds SCR include the need for The Early Years Foundation Stage to set out specific requirements for child protection training which considers sexual abuse and the recognition of abuse within the workplace; also the need for the Government to review and consider changing the status of day care settings operating as unincorporated bodies to ensure that governance and accountability arrangements are fit for purpose and are sufficiently clear to enable parents and professionals to raise concerns and challenge poor practice. Serious Case Reviews in Childcare Sector Unit 25Understand how to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People Outcome 1. 4 Explain when and why inquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious Case Reviews (SCR’s) are undertaken when a child dies (including death by suspected suicide), by a local authority (and more often than not by the Local Children’s Safeguarding Board) if abuse or neglect is known or suspected to be a factor in the death.SCR’s are not enquiries into how a child died or who was responsible; that is a matter for the Coroner's and Criminal Courts to determine. Instead the purpose of Serious Case Reviews is to: †¢ Establish whether there are lessons to be learned from the case about the way in which local professionals and organisations work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. †¢ Identify clearly what those lessons are, how they will be acted on and what is expected to change as a res ult. †¢ Improve inter-agency working and better safeguard and promote the welfare of children.Additionally, LSCB’s may decide to conduct a SCR whenever a child has been seriously harmed in any of the following situations and the case gives rise to concerns about the way in which local professionals and services worked together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children (including inter-agency and inter-disciplinary working). The two most popular deaths in recent years to be highlighted by the media which highlighted public concern about safeguarding concerns within the children are undoubtedly the deaths of Victoria Climbie and Peter Connelly (Baby P).In both of these cases there was public outrage, especially at the magnitude of Peter's injuries, and partly because Peter had lived in the London Borough of Haringey, North London, under the same child care authorities that had already failed ten years earlier in the case of Victoria Climbie. Her tragic circumstances had led to a public enquiry which resulted in measures being put in place in an effort to prevent similar cases happening. The child protection services of Haringey and other agencies were widely criticised following Baby P’s death.Following the conviction, three inquiries and a nationwide review of social service care were launched, and the Head of Children's Services at Haringey removed from post. Another nationwide review was conducted by Lord Laming into his own recommendations concerning Victoria Climbie's killing in 2000. The death was also the subject of debate in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The public’s viewpoint on the tragedy of Baby P was that it should never have happened as he was already known to social services and was seen as many as sixty times by social services, but still died horrifically at the hands of his carers.All of these incidents have resulted in a distinct lack of confidence in the work that social workers do and the childr en’s sector overall, and it will take a long time to rebuild that trust. The Baby P case in particular has damaged social work’s public image, led to fewer people entering the profession and made it harder to retain experienced staff. It is certainly the case that social work has a rather poor public image and that it seemingly can do no right whatever it does.At times, the profession is castigated for putting children at risk by failing to intervene early enough into family life, whilst on other occasions it is criticised for undermining parental authority by interfering too readily. Partnership working increased and tightened after the death of Victoria Climbie and included the implementation of the Children Act 2004 and the public enquiry into the circumstances surrounding her death. The inquiry, chaired by Lord Laming, found massive failings on the part of as many as twelve agencies with a role to play in protecting children.The findings led to recommendations for a radical reform of services, particularly in the areas of better joined up working and information sharing. Following this, several programmes and frameworks were later implemented into all establishments that worked with children, and these included â€Å"Every Child Matters† services, planned around children’s and young people’s needs and the improvement of the five key outcomes which contribute to their well-being: be healthy, stay safe, enjoy & achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.There was also the implementation of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) system which enables multi agencies to access and add information about a child’s needs. The CAF is used at the earliest opportunity when it is highlighted that a baby, child or young person may need help in their lives in order to progress. It is used when there is concern about a child, or agencies have recognised a child has additional needs, that require further e xploration and a multi-agency response.The assessment provides further information and understanding of the child’s circumstances. Another more recently publicised incident, included the review into â€Å"Little Teds† nursery whereby a member of staff, Vanessa George abused toddlers at the nursery, photographed it and publicised it on the internet, showed a lack of staff supervision and training within the setting, which again caused public outrage.The serious case review for this incident report detailed a number of lessons learned, which included the danger of mobile phones within day care settings. As a result locally the use of mobile phones is now prohibited in any children’s centre within the Wakefield district, however it is recognised that this alone will not prevent abuse or transmission of images on the internet from taking place.Other lessons learned is that staff at Little Ted’s Nursery did not recognise the escalation of George's sexualised b ehaviour as a warning sign and there is an urgent need for staff working in early years settings to receive training to help recognise potential signs of abuse and become confident in responding to a fellow staff member's behaviour. As a result, training on â€Å"whistle blowing† and the need for policies and procedures to be in place has become a more urgent need in the childcare sector.Other recommendations set out by the Little Teds SCR include the need for The Early Years Foundation Stage to set out specific requirements for child protection training which considers sexual abuse and the recognition of abuse within the workplace; also the need for the Government to review and consider changing the status of day care settings operating as unincorporated bodies to ensure that governance and accountability arrangements are fit for purpose and are sufficiently clear to enable parents and professionals to raise concerns and challenge poor practice.